Таблица. Химическая классификация основных гормонов = Chemical Classification оf Selected Hormones. Перевести на русский язык = Translate into Russian Модификация: Boron W.F., Boulpaep E.L. Medical Physiology. Oxford University Press, 2006, 1344 p. См.: Физиология человека: Литература. Иллюстрации.

Hormone

A. Peptide Hormones

Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) Arginine vasopressin (AVP) (also known as antidiuretic hormone [ADH]) Calcitonin Cholecystokinin (CCK) Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Glucagon Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) Growth hormone (GH) Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) Inhibin Insulin Insulin-like growth factors I and II (IGFs) Luteinizing hormone (LH) Oxytocin (OT) Parathyroid hormone (PTH) Prolactin (PRL) Secretin Somatostatin Thyrotropin (TSH) Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)

B.  Amino Acid Hormones

Dopamine (DA) Epinephrine (Epi), aka adrenaline Norepinephrine (NE), aka noradrenaline Serotonin, aka 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)

C.  Steroid Hormones

Aldosterone Cortisol Estradiol (E2) Progesterone Testosterone

Примечание:

Таблица. Основные гормоны позвоночных = Common Vertebrate Hormones. Перевести на русский язык = Translate into Russian Модификация: King M.W. The Medical Biochemistry, 1996-2014, см.: Биохимия: Литература. Иллюстрации = http://themedicalbiochemistrypage.org/hormone-table.php.
№	Hormone	Structure	Functions
A	Skeletal Muscle Hormones
1	Irisin	22kDa proteolytic fragment of the transmembrane protein FNDC5 (fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5)	Expression induced, in skeletal muscle, by PGC1-? in response to exercise, induces a conversion of white adipose tissue (WAT) into a more brown fat (BAT) type, generally referred to as beige or brite fat cells
B	Pituitary Hormones
1	Oxytocin	Posterior pituitary peptide; polypeptide of 9 amino acids CYIQNCPLG (C's are disulfide bonded)	Uterine contraction, causes milk ejection in lactating females (the "let-down" response), responds to suckling reflex and estradiol, lowers steroid synthesis in testes +---
2	Vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone, ADH)	Posterior pituitary peptide; polypeptide of 9 amino acids CYFQNCPRG (C's are disulfide bonded)	Responds to osmoreceptor which senses extracellular [Na+], blood pressure regulation, increases H2O readsorption from distal tubules in kidney, loss results in dilute urine and polydipsia (constant thirst) condition termed diabetes insipidus
3	Melanocyte-stimulating hormones (MSH)	Anterior pituitary peptides derived from POMC: -  α polypeptide = 13 amino acids   β polypeptide = 18 amino acids   γ polypeptide = 12 amino acids	α-MSH most significant, involved in control of appetite and feeding behaviors via melanocortin receptor (MC4R)-expressing neurons in hypothalamus, immunomodulation via MC1R-expressing monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells (DCs), down-regulates the production of proinflammatory and immunomodulating cytokines (IL-1, IL-6, TNF-?, IL-2, IFN-?, IL-4, IL-13) as well as the expression of costimulatory molecules (CD86, CD40, ICAM-1) on antigen-presenting DCs
4	Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) also called corticotropin	Anterior pituitary peptide derived from POMC; polypeptide = 39 amino acidsStimulates cells of adrenal gland to increase steroid synthesis and secretion	Stimulates cells of adrenal gland to increase steroid synthesis and secretion
5	Lipotropin (LPH)	Anterior pituitary peptides derived from POMC:   β polypeptide = 93 amino acids   γ polypeptide = 60 amino acidsIncreases fatty acid release from adipocytes	Increases fatty acid release from adipocytes
6	Thyrotropin (thyroid-stimulating hormone, TSH)	Anterior pituitary peptides; 2 proteins:   α is 96 amino acids;   β is 112	Acts on thyroid follicle cells to stimulate throid hormone synthesis
7	Growth hormone (GH, or somatotropin)	Anterior pituitary peptide; protein of 191 amino acids	General anabolic stimulant, increases release of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), cell growth and bone sulfation
8	Prolactin (PRL)	Anterior pituitary peptide; protein of 197 amino acids	Stimulates differentiation of secretory cells of mammary gland and stimulates milk synthesis
9	Luteinizing hormone (LH); human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is similar and produced in placenta	Anterior pituitary peptides; 2 proteins: α is 96 amino acids; β is 121	Increases ovarian progesterone synthesis, luteinization; acts on Leydig cells of testes to increase testosterone synthesis and release and increases interstitial cell development
10	Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)	Anterior pituitary peptides; 2 proteins: α is 96 amino acids; β is 120	Ovarian follicle development and ovulation, increases estrogen production; acts on Sertoli cells of semiferous tubule to increase spermatogenesis
C	Hypothalamic Hormones & Peptides
1	Orexins	2 peptides from single preproprotein; orexin A is 33 amino acids, orexin B is 28 amino acids	Important roles in the emotional and motivational aspects of feeding behavior, increases food consumption (orexigenic) hence derivation of peptide name; increases wakefulness and suppresses REM sleep
2	Melanin-concentrating hormone, MCH	19 amino acid cyclic peptide	Important orexigenic (appetite stimulating) hormone
3	Neuropeptide Y, NPY	36 amino acids, 5 receptors termed Y receptors	Effects on hypothalamic function in appetite, controls feeding behavior and energy homeostasis, levels increase during starvation to induce food intake
4	Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF or CRH)	Protein of 41 amino acids	Acts on corticotrope to release ACTH and β-endorphin (lipotropin)
5	Gonadotropin-releasing factor (GnRF or GnRH)	Polypeptide of 10 amino acids	Acts on gonadotrope to release LH and FSH
6	Prolactin-releasing factor (PRF)	This may be TRH	Acts on lactotrope to release prolactin
7	Prolactin-release inhibiting factor (PIF or PIH)	Is the neurotransmitter dopamine	Acts on lactotrope to inhibit prolactin release
8	Growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF or GRH)	Protein of 40 and 44 amino acids	Stimulates GH secretion
9	Somatostatin (SIF, also called growth hormone-release inhibiting factor, GIF)	Polypeptide of 14 and 28 amino acids	Inhibits GH and TSH secretion
10	Thyrotropin-releasing factor (TRH or TRF)	Peptide of 3 amino acids: EHP	Stimulates TSH and prolactin secretion
D	Thyroid Hormones
1	Thyroxine and triiodothyronine	Iodinated dityrosine derivatives	Responds to TSH and stimulates oxidations in many cells
2	Calcitonin	Protein of 32 amino acids	Produced in parafollicular C cells of the thyroid, regulation of Ca2+ and Pi metabolism
3	Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)	Protein of 37 amino acids, product of the calcitonin gene derived by alternative splicing of the precursor mRNA in the brain	Acts as a vasodilator
E	Parathyroid Hormones
1	Parathyroid hormone (PTH)	Protein of 84 amino acids	Regulation of Ca2+ and Pi metabolism, stimulates bone resorption thus increasing serum [Ca2+], stimulates Pi secretion by kidneys
F	Adipose Tissue Hormones
1	Leptin	167 amino acid precursor processed to 146 amino acids	Regulation of overall body weight by limiting food intake and increasing energy expenditure, regulation of the neuroendocrine axis, inflammatory responses, blood pressure, and bone mass
2	Adiponectin	244 amino acid protein with 4 distinct functional domains	Major biological actions are increases in insulin sensitivity and fatty acid oxidation
3	Resistin	108 amino acid pre-protein in humans	Induces insulin resistance
G	Hormones and Peptides of the Gut
1	Cholecystokinin, CCK	Predominant form is 33 amino acids	Stimulates gallbladder contraction and bile flow, increases secretion of digestive enzymes from pancreas
2	Enterostatin	Derived from N-terminal end of pancreatic colipase; pentapeptide sequence of human enterostatin is APGPR	Regulates fat intake, peripheral or central administration inhibits consumption of a high-fat diet but not a low-fat diet
3	Gastrin	17 amino acids (little gastrin) and 34 amino acids (big gastrin)	Produced by stomach antrum, stimulates acid and pepsin secretion, also stimulates pancreatic secretions
4	Gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP); a bombesin-like peptide family member	27 amino acids	Stimulates release of gastrin from G cells of the stomach and CCK from small intestinal enteroendocrine I cells
5	Ghrelin	28 amino acids derived from preproghrelin protein; acylated on Ser3 with n-octanoic acid, non-acylated forms found in circulation also but not bioactive	Appetite stimulation, stimulates NPY release, regulation of energy homeostasis, glucose metabolism, gastric secretion and emptying, insulin secretion
6	Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) formerly called enteroglucagon	Two forms: 31 amino acids, GLP-1(7-37) and 30 amino acids, GLP-1(7-36)amide	Potentiates glucose-dependent insulin secretion, inhibits glucagon secretion, inhibits gastric emptying
7	Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) originally called gastric inhibitory polypeptide	42 amino acids	Inhibits secretion of gastric acid, enhances insulin secretion
8	Motilin	22 amino acids	Controls gastrointestinal muscles, stimulates release of PP, stimulates gallbladder contractions
9	Neuromedin B; a bombesin-like peptide family member	10 amino acids (amidated)	Secretion of gastrin, CCK, GIP, insulin; smooth muscle contraction; enhances food intake
10	Obestatin	23 amino acids derived from preproghrelin protein	Acts in opposition to ghrelin action on appetite
11	Oxyntomodulin	37 amino acids, the first 29 are identical to glucagon	Contains all of the amino acids of glucagon (see Figure below); inhibits meal-stimulated gastric acid secretion similar to GLP-1 and GLP-2 action; induces satiety, decreases weight gain, and increases energy consumption; has weak affinity for GLP-1 receptor as well as glucagon receptor, may mimic glucagon actions in liver and pancreas
12	Secretin	27 amino acids	Secreted from duodenum at pH values below 4.5, stimulates pancreatic acinar cells to release bicarbonate and H2O
13	Somatostatin	14 amino acid version	Inhibits release and action of numerous gut peptides, e.g. CKK, OXM, PP, gastrin, secretin, motilin, GIP; also inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion from pancreas
14	Substance P, a member of the tachykinin family that includes neurokinin A (NKA) and neurokinin B (NKB)	11 amino acids	CNS function in pain (nociception), involved in vomit reflex, stimulates salivary secretions, induces vasodilation; antagonists have anti-depressant properties
15	Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)	28 amino acids	Produced by hypothalamus and GI tract, relaxes the GI, inhibits acid and pepsin secretion, acts as a neurotransmitter in peripheral autonomic nervous system, increases secretion of H2O and electrolytes from pancreas and gut
H	Pancreatic Polypeptide (polypeptide fold) Family
1	Pancreatic Polypeptide, PP	36 amino acids	Suppresses glucose-induced insulin secretion, inhibits bicarbonate and protein secretion from pancreas
2	Peptide Tyrosine Tyrosine, PYY	36 amino acids	Inhibits gastric motility by inhibiting cholinergic neurotransmission, inhibits gastric acid secretion, induces sensations of satiety
3	Neuropeptide Y, NPY	36 amino acids, 5 receptors termed Y receptors	Effects on hypothalamic function in appetite, controls feeding behavior and energy homeostasis, levels increase during starvation to induce food intake
4	Amphiregulin	2 peptides: 78 amino acid truncated form and 84 amino acid form with 6 additional N-terminal amino acids	Homology to EGF and binds to the EGF receptor (EGFR)
I	Pancreatic Hormones
1	Amylin	37 amino acids, intrachain disulfide bonded	Also called islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP), produced by β-cells of the pancreas, co-secreted with insulin; reductes the rate of gastric emptying, suppresses of food intake, and suppresses post-meal glucagon secretion
2	Insulin	Disulfide bonded dipeptide of 21 and 30 amino acids	Produced by β-cells of the pancreas, increases glucose uptake and utilization, increases lipogenesis, general anabolic effects
3	Glucagon	Polypeptide of 29 amino acids	Produced by β-cells of the pancreas, increases lipid mobilization and glycogenolysis in order to increase blood glucose levels
4	Pancreatic polypeptide, PP	Polypeptide of 36 amino acids	Increases glycogenolysis, regulation of gastrointestinal activity
5	Somatostatin	14 amino acid version	Inhibition of glucagon and somatotropin release
J	Placental Hormones
1	Estrogens	Steroids	Maintenance of pregnancy
2	Progestins	Steroids	Mimic action of progesterone
3	Chorionic gonadotropin	2 proteins: α is 96 amino acids; α is 147	Activity similar to LH
4	Chorionic somatomammotropin also called placental lactogen	Protein of 191 amino acids	Acts like prolactin and GH
5	Relaxin	2 proteins of 22 and 32 amino acids	Produced in ovarian corpus luteum, inhibits myometrial contractions, secretion increases durin gestation
K	Gonadal Hormones
1	Estrogens (ovarian)	Steroids: estradiol and estrone	Maturation and function of female secondary sex organs
2	Progestins (ovarian)	Steroid: progesterone	Implantation of ovum and maintenance of pregnancy
3	Androgens (testicular)	Steroid: testosterone	Maturation and function of male secondary sex organs
4	Inhibins A and B	1 protein (α is 134 amino acids; β is 115 and 116 amino acids)	Inhibition of FSH secretion
L	Adrenal Cortical Hormones
1	Glucocorticoids	Steroids: cortisol and corticosterone	Diverse effects on inflammation and protein synthesis
2	Mineralocorticoids	Steroids: aldosterone	Maintenance of salt balance
M	Adrenal Medullary Hormones
1	Epinephrine (adrenalin)	Derived from tyrosine	Classic "fight-or-flight" response, increases glycogenolysis, lipid mobilization, smooth muscle contraction, cardiac function, binds to all classes of catecholamine receptors (α- and β-adrenergic)
2	Norepinephrine (noradrenalin)	Derived from tyrosine	Classic "fight-or-flight" response, lipid mobilization, arteriole contraction, also acts as neurotransmitter in the CNS, released from noradrenergic neurons, binds all catecholamine receptors except α2-adrenergic
N	Liver Hormones
1	Angiotensin II	Polypeptide of 8 amino acids derived from angiotensinogen (present in the α2-globulin fraction of plasma) which is cleaved by the kidney enzyme renin to give the decapeptide, angiotensin I, the C-terminal 2 amino acids are then released (by action of angiotensin-converting enzyme, ACE) to yield angiotensin II	Responsible for essential hypertension through stimulated synthesis and release of aldosterone from adrenal cells
O	Kidney Hormones
1	Calcitriol [1,25-(OH)2-vitamin D3]	Derived from 7-dehydrocholesterol	Responsible for maintenance of calcium and phosphorous homeostasis, increases intestinal Ca2+ uptake, regulates bone mineralization
P	Cardiac Hormones
1	Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)	Several active peptides cleaved from a 126 amino acid precursor	Released from heart atria in response to hypovolemia, acts on outer adrenal cells to decrease aldosterone production; smooth muscle relaxation
R	Pineal Hormones
1	Melatonin	N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine	Regulation of circadian rhythms
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