Трифонов Е.В.
Антропология:   дух - душа - тело - среда человека,

или  Пневмапсихосоматология человека

Русско-англо-русская энциклопедия, 18-е изд., 2015

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Общий предметный алфавитный указатель

Психология Соматология Математика Физика Химия Наука            Общая   лексика
А Б В Г Д Е Ж З И К Л М Н О П Р С Т У Ф Х Ц Ч Ш Щ Э Ю Я
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
  • Схема. = Fig. 20.12 The changes in hormone levels during the menstrual cycle. (a) The pattern of secretion shown by the gonadotrophins (FSH and LH); (b) the changes in the plasma levels of estradiol-17? and progesterone. The solid bar marked ‘m’ represents the period of menstruation. = Pocock G., Richards C.D. Human Physiology: The Basis of Medicine. Oxford University Press, 2006, 656 p. = 2_58/Hum_Physiology_ Basis_Medicine2006.chm = sysro9_9_1.tif
  • Схема. Микроструктура дольки яичка = Figure 43-3 Histology of a testicular lobule. From Carlson BM: Human Embryology and Developmental Biology. Philadelphia, Mosby, 2004.) == = Pocock G., Richards C.D. Human Physiology: The Basis of Medicine. Oxford University Press, 2006, 656 p. = 2_58/Hum_Physiology_ Basis_Medicine2006.chm == sysro2_7_1.tif
  • Схема. Микроструктура семенного канальца яичка = Figure 43-4 Histology of a seminiferous tubule. M, myoid cell just outside the basal lamina; S1, primary spermatocyte; S3, spermatid; S4, mature spermatid or spermatozoon; SB and SA, spermatogonia; St, Sertoli cell. (From Young B et al: Wheater's Functional Histology. A Text and Colour Atlas, 5th ed. London, Churchill Livingstone, 2006.) == = Pocock G., Richards C.D. Human Physiology: The Basis of Medicine. Oxford University Press, 2006, 656 p. = 2_58/Hum_Physiology_ Basis_Medicine2006.chm == sysro2_8_1.tif
  • Схема. = Микроструктура перитубулярного пространства = Figure 43-7 Histology of the peritubular space containing Leydig cells (L) and richly vascularized by peritubular capillaries (cap). (Modified from Young B et al: Wheater's Functional Histology. A Text and Colour Atlas, 5th ed. London, Churchill Livingstone, 2006.) == = Pocock G., Richards C.D. Human Physiology: The Basis of Medicine. Oxford University Press, 2006, 656 p. = 2_58/Hum_Physiology_ Basis_Medicine2006.chm == sysro2_9_1.tif
  • Схема. = Взаимодействие различных клеток яичка при сперматогенезе = Figure 43-6 Interactions among the various cells of the testis in the hormonal regulation of spermatogenesis. (From Carlson BM: Human Embryology and Developmental Biology. Philadelphia, Mosby, 2004.) == Koeppen B.M., Stanton B.A., Eds. Berne and Levy Physiology. Mosby, 2008, 864 p. 2_57/Physiology_Berne_Levy2008.chm == sysro2_6_1.tif
  • Схема. Пути синтеза стероидов клетками Лейдига = Figure 43-8 Steroidogenic pathway in Leydig cells (the first step of converting cholesterol to pregnenolone is omitted). Testosterone is sequestered by binding to androgen-binding protein (ABP) within the seminiferous tubules or circulates within the peripheral circulation bound to sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) and can be peripherally converted to dihydrotestosterone or estradiol-17?. (Modified from Porterfield SP, White BA: Endocrine Physiology, 3rd ed. Philadelphia, Mosby, 2007.) == Koeppen B.M., Stanton B.A., Eds. Berne and Levy Physiology. Mosby, 2008, 864 p. 2_57/Physiology_Berne_Levy2008.chm == sysro5_5_1.tif
  • Схема. = Главные объекты действия тестостерона = Figure 43-9 Spectrum of effects of testosterone (T). Note that some effects result from the action of testosterone itself, whereas others are mediated by dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and estradiol (E2) after they are produced from testosterone. VLDL, LDL, HDL, very-low-density, low-density, and high-density lipoproteins, respectively. == = Pocock G., Richards C.D. Human Physiology: The Basis of Medicine. Oxford University Press, 2006, 656 p. = 2_58/Hum_Physiology_ Basis_Medicine2006.chm == sysro5_2_1.tif
  • Схема. Figure 43-10 The hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis. Abbreviations as in other figures. == = Pocock G., Richards C.D. Human Physiology: The Basis of Medicine. Oxford University Press, 2006, 656 p. = 2_58/Hum_Physiology_ Basis_Medicine2006.chm == sysro5_3_1.tif
  • Схема. Расположение кровеносных сосудов и кавернозной ткани внутри полового члена (пениса) = sysro3_2_5.tif Figure 43-12 A, Arrangement of the vasculature and cavernous tissue within the penis. During the flaccid state, blood flow into the cavernous spaces is limited by contraction of the helicine arteries. (From Bhasun S et al. In Larsen P et al [eds]: Williams Textbook of Endocrinology, 10th ed. Philadelphia, Saunders, 2003.) === + Нейрогуморальные механизмы управления эрекцией полового члена = sysro3_3_4.tif ===B, Outline of neurovascular events leading to penile erection. == = Pocock G., Richards C.D. Human Physiology: The Basis of Medicine. Oxford University Press, 2006, 656 p. = 2_58/Hum_Physiology_ Basis_Medicine2006.chm == sysro3_1_1.tif Расположение кровеносных сосудов и кавернозной ткани внутри полового члена (пениса) = sysro3_2_5.tif ==== Нейрогуморальные механизмы управления эрекцией полового члена = sysro3_3_4.tif
  • Схема. Figure 21–1 The main components of the penis are three cylindrical masses of erectile tissue, plus the penile urethra, surrounded by skin (Figure 21–1). Two of these cylinders—the corpora cavernosa—are placed dorsally. The other—the corpus spongiosum—is ventral and surrounds the urethra (Figures 21–1 and 21–17). At its end the corpus spongiosum expands, forming the glans (Figure 21–1). Most of the penile urethra is lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium. In the glans, it becomes stratified squamous epithelium continuous with that of the thin epidermis covering the glans. Small mucus-secreting urethra glands (glands of Littre) are found along the length of the penile urethra. In uncircumcised men the surface of the glans is covered by the prepuce or foreskin, a retractile fold of thin skin with sebaceous glands in the internal fold. = Mescher A., Ed. Junqueira's Basic Histology, 12th Ed., The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2009, 480. = 2_93/Junqueira's Basic Histology12ed2009.chm = = = embrio3_4_1.tif
  • Схема. Figure 43-16 Fate of ovarian follicles. (Modified from Porterfield SP, White BA: Endocrine Physiology, 3rd ed. Philadelphia, Mosby, 2007.) == = Pocock G., Richards C.D. Human Physiology: The Basis of Medicine. Oxford University Press, 2006, 656 p. = 2_58/Hum_Physiology_ Basis_Medicine2006.chm == sysro9_8_1.tif
  • Схема. Figure 43-18 Events involved in meiotic arrest and maturation of the oocyte. MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase. == = Pocock G., Richards C.D. Human Physiology: The Basis of Medicine. Oxford University Press, 2006, 656 p. = 2_58/Hum_Physiology_ Basis_Medicine2006.chm == sysro9_9_1.tif
  • Схема. Figure 43-21 Ovulation. == = Pocock G., Richards C.D. Human Physiology: The Basis of Medicine. Oxford University Press, 2006, 656 p. = 2_58/Hum_Physiology_ Basis_Medicine2006.chm == sysro9_10_1.tif
  • Схема. Figure 43-24 The human menstrual cycle, with emphasis on the "dialogue" between ovary and pituitary gonadotropes. == = Pocock G., Richards C.D. Human Physiology: The Basis of Medicine. Oxford University Press, 2006, 656 p. = 2_58/Hum_Physiology_ Basis_Medicine2006.chm == sysro10_6_1.tif
  • Схема. Figure 43-29 Pattern of gonadotropin secretion throughout life. Note the transient peaks during gestation and early infancy and the low levels thereafter in childhood. Women subsequently have monthly cyclic bursts, with luteinizing hormone (LH) exceeding follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH); men do not. Both genders show increased gonadotropin production after 50 years of age, with FSH exceeding LH. == = Pocock G., Richards C.D. Human Physiology: The Basis of Medicine. Oxford University Press, 2006, 656 p. = 2_58/Hum_Physiology_ Basis_Medicine2006.chm == sysro8_2_1.tif
  • Схема. Figure 43-29 Pattern of gonadotropin secretion throughout life. Note the transient peaks during gestation and early infancy and the low levels thereafter in childhood. Women subsequently have monthly cyclic bursts, with luteinizing hormone (LH) exceeding follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH); men do not. Both genders show increased gonadotropin production after 50 years of age, with FSH exceeding LH. == = Pocock G., Richards C.D. Human Physiology: The Basis of Medicine. Oxford University Press, 2006, 656 p. = 2_58/Hum_Physiology_ Basis_Medicine2006.chm == sysro8_2_1.tif
  • Схема. Объект управления репродуктивной системы женщин.
  • Схема. + = Fig. 21.1 The nerve supply to the penis and accessory sex organs. = Нейрогенные механизмы управления мужской половой системой. = Pocock G., Richards C.D. Human Physiology: The Basis of Medicine. Oxford University Press, 2006, 656 p. = 2_58/Hum_Physiology_ Basis_Medicine2006.chm
  • Схема. + = Fig. 21.2 A schematic drawing to show the nerve supply to the female sex organs. = Нейрогенные механизмы управления женской половой системой. = Pocock G., Richards C.D. Human Physiology: The Basis of Medicine. Oxford University Press, 2006, 656 p. = 2_58/Hum_Physiology_ Basis_Medicine2006.chm ?????
  • Схема. = + = Fig. 21.10 Some endocrine factors involved in the initiation of parturition. [circled plus] indicates a stimulatory action. = Некоторые гормональные механизмы управления беременностью и родами. = sysro14_5_1.tif = = Pocock G., Richards C.D. Human Physiology: The Basis of Medicine. Oxford University Press, 2006, 656 p. = 2_58/Hum_Physiology_ Basis_Medicine2006.chm
  • Схема. Высота расположения дна матки во время беременности = = + Gray_Anatomy39ed2004.chm = Gray_Anatomy39ed2004.chm = Fig. 21.11 (a) The height of the fundus of the uterus throughout gestation. Heights vary considerably between women but a general rule is that at 20 weeks gestation the fundus is usually around the height of the umbilicus. (b)The position and space occupied by the fetus at full term. Note the displacement of the GI structures and the pressure on the bladder and diaphragm. = Высота расположения дна матки во время беременности. А. Уровень высоты расположения имеет значительные индивидуальные вариации, но общим правилом является то, что к 20-й неделе беременности дно матки расположено около уровня пупка матери. Б. Положение и пространство занимаемое плодом к полному завершению нормальной беременности. Отметим смещение органов системы пищеварения и давление, создаваемое плодом на диафрагму грудной полости и мочевой пузырь. = sysro14_6_1.tif == = Pocock G., Richards C.D. Human Physiology: The Basis of Medicine. Oxford University Press, 2006, 656 p. = 2_58/Hum_Physiology_ Basis_Medicine2006.chm
  • Схема. +Гемациркуляция в матке в различные стадии беременности = Gray_Anatomy39ed2004.chm = Gray_Anatomy39ed2004.chm = Fig. 21.12 Uterine blood flow at various stages of pregnancy. = sysro14_7_2.tif == = Pocock G., Richards C.D. Human Physiology: The Basis of Medicine. Oxford University Press, 2006, 656 p. = 2_58/Hum_Physiology_ Basis_Medicine2006.chm
  • Схема. +Изменения общих объёма плазмы крови, объёма эритроцитов и гематокрита во время беременностиFig. 21.13 Changes in plasma volume, erythrocyte volume, and hematocrit during pregnancy. = = Fig. 21.12 Uterine blood flow at various stages of pregnancy. = sysro14_8_1.tif = Pocock G., Richards C.D. Human Physiology: The Basis of Medicine. Oxford University Press, 2006, 656 p. = 2_58/Hum_Physiology_ Basis_Medicine2006.chm
  • Схема. = + = Fig. 21.2 A schematic drawing to show the nerve supply to the female sex organs. = Гормональные механизмы управления беременностью. = Fig. 21.9 The plasma levels of various steroid hormones during pregnancy. Note that progesterone secretion dominates the period of gestation, falling only after parturition. = sysro14_4_1.tif
  • Схема. + Лактация = Развитие молочных желёз Fig. 21.14 The development of the mammary gland. During pregnancy the gland matures under the influence of a number of hormones. Lactation does not commence until the circulating levels of progesterone and estrogens decline. = sysro15_1_1.tif == = Pocock G., Richards C.D. Human Physiology: The Basis of Medicine. Oxford University Press, 2006, 656 p. = 2_58/Hum_Physiology_ Basis_Medicine2006.chm
  • Схема. Лактация = Fig. 21.15 Sectional view of the mammary gland during pregnancy. Note the development of the alveoli. = sysro15_2_1.tif = = Pocock G., Richards C.D. Human Physiology: The Basis of Medicine. Oxford University Press, 2006, 656 p. = 2_58/Hum_Physiology_ Basis_Medicine2006.chm
  • Схема. Лактация = Fig. 21.16 Cross-section of a mature (lactiferous) alveolus. = Gray_Anatomy39ed2004.chm = sysro15_3_1.tif = = Pocock G., Richards C.D. Human Physiology: The Basis of Medicine. Oxford University Press, 2006, 656 p. = 2_58/Hum_Physiology_ Basis_Medicine2006.chm
  • Схема. Лактация = Fig. 21.17 Changes in the patterns of secretion of hormones before and after birth in relation to their role in the control of lactation. When milk secretion is first initiated, colostrum (C) is secreted which gradually undergoes a transition (T) until mature milk is produced (M). Milk is not secreted until the level of steroid hormones falls following delivery, despite the high level of prolactin that prevails in the latter stages of pregnancy. = = sysro15_4_1.tif == = Pocock G., Richards C.D. Human Physiology: The Basis of Medicine. Oxford University Press, 2006, 656 p. = 2_58/Hum_Physiology_ Basis_Medicine2006.chm
  • Схема. Лактация = Fig. 21.18 Summary of the principal neuroendocrine pathways responsible for the reflex release of prolactin and oxytocin during suckling. sysro15_5_1.tif == = Pocock G., Richards C.D. Human Physiology: The Basis of Medicine. Oxford University Press, 2006, 656 p. = 2_58/Hum_Physiology_ Basis_Medicine2006.chm
  • Схема. Figure 102.5 The microstructure of the ovary and follicles at various stages in their cyclical development and the formation of corpora lutea and albicans. Note that in the human ovary, developing follicles are rarely seen. = sysro7_4_1.tif = ???? Gartner L.P, Hiatt J.M. Color Textbook of Histology, 3th ed., The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2006, 592 p., 446 Ill. 2_32/Color Textbook of Histology 3ed2006.CHM
  • Схема. Figure 20-18 Comparison of the glandular differences between an inactive and a lactating breast. Inset shows a longitudinal section of a gland and duct of the active mammary gland. = sysro15_6_2.tif Gartner L.P, Hiatt J.M. Color Textbook of Histology, 3th ed., The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2006, 592 p., 446 Ill. 2_32/Color Textbook of Histology 3ed2006.CHM
  • Схема. Figure 22-3 Anatomy of the breast. = Gabbe S.G., Simpson J.L., Niebyl J., Galan H., Goetzl L., Jaunia E.R.M., Eds. Obstetrics: Normal and Problem Pregnancies = Акушерство. Нормальная и осложненные беременности. Churchill Livingstone, 2007, 1416 p. 2_71/Pregnancies5ed2007.CHM = = sysro15_7_1.tif
  • Схема. Figure 22-4 Oxytocin and the let-down reflex. The major reflex includes feedback stimulation from the nipple/areola to the hypothalamus to increase/decrease the release of oxytocin from the posterior pituitary and prolactin inhibitor factor (PIF-dopamine). The PIF affects the release of prolactin. Prolactin increases milk production. Oxytocin causes milk ejection. The release of both hormones is affected by positive or negative influences from the upper central nervous system. Oxytocin has three different target sites, the gastrointestinal tract (GI), uterus (contractions), and the upper central nervous system (mother-infant bonding). Oral stimulation in the infant initiates oxytocin release to improve GI activities and maternal-infant bonding. (From Rolland R, DeJong FH, Schellekens LA, et al: The role of prolactin in the restoration of ovarian function during the early postpartum period in the human: a study during inhibition of lactation by bromergocryptine. Clin Endocrinol 4:23, 1975, with permission.) = Gabbe S.G., Simpson J.L., Niebyl J., Galan H., Goetzl L., Jaunia E.R.M., Eds. Obstetrics: Normal and Problem Pregnancies = Акушерство. Нормальная и осложненные беременности. Churchill Livingstone, 2007, 1416 p. 2_71/Pregnancies5ed2007.CHM = = sysro15_8_1.tif Figure 22-7 The mechanics of nursing. = = Gabbe S.G., Simpson J.L., Niebyl J., Galan H., Goetzl L., Jaunia E.R.M., Eds. Obstetrics: Normal and Problem Pregnancies = Акушерство. Нормальная и осложненные беременности. Churchill Livingstone, 2007, 1416 p. 2_71/Pregnancies5ed2007.CHM = = sysro15_9_1.tif Mammary gland. Shown here are the major tissues and structures in a breast, along with the sequence of changes that occur in the duct system and secretory units before, during, and after pregnancy and lactation. (1) Before pregnancy, the gland is inactive, with small ducts and only a few small secretory alveoli. (2) Alveoli develop and begin to grow early in a pregnancy. (3) By mid-pregnancy, the alveoli and ducts have become large and have dilated lumens. (4) At parturition and during the time of lactation, the alveoli are greatly dilated and maximally active in production of milk components. (5) After weaning, the alveoli and ducts regress with apoptotic cell death. = Mescher A., Ed. Junqueira's Basic Histology, 12th Ed., The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2009, 480. = 2_93/Junqueira's Basic Histology12ed2009.chm = = = sysro15_10_1.tif Secretion in the mammary gland. Alveolar cells of the lactating mammary gland are highly active in protein synthesis on rough ER and lipid synthesis. Most proteins are packaged into secretory vesicles in the Golgi apparatus and secreted at the apical end of the cells by typical exocytosis or merocrine secretion. Lipids coalesce as free cytoplasmic droplets. These grow in size and eventually undergo aprcrine secretion, in which they are extruded from the cell along a portion of the apical cell membrane (and often a small amount of attached cytoplasm.) Both types of secretion are shown here in a sequence moving from left to right. Similar cells are seen in the enclosed area in the light micrograph shown in Figure 22–25. = Mescher A., Ed. Junqueira's Basic Histology, 12th Ed., The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2009, 480. = 2_93/Junqueira's Basic Histology12ed2009.chm = = = sysro15_11_1.tif Decidua, early placenta, and extraembryonic membranes. After implantation and throughout pregnancy the endometrial connective tissue cells exist as large, synthetically active decidual cells. The endometrium is called the decidua, with three regions recognized in the locations indicated in the diagrams: decidua basalis, capsularis, and parietalis. = Mescher A., Ed. Junqueira's Basic Histology, 12th Ed., The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2009, 480. = 2_93/Junqueira's Basic Histology12ed2009.chm = = = embrio7_1.tif Embryo implantation. The coordination between ovulation and endometrial development results in the embryo arriving as a blastocyst about 5 days after ovulation or fertilization, when the uterus is in the late secretory phase and best prepared for implantation. After the zona pellucida is shed, receptor proteins on embryonic trophoblast cells bind ligands and proteoglycans on the endometrial epithelial cells. The trophoblast sends processes between the latter cells and promotes their apoptotic destruction. The trophoblast now also forms an invasive, outer syncytial layer called the syncytiotrophoblast. MMPs are activated and/or released locally to digest the basal lamina and other stroma components, allowing the developing embryo to become enclosed within the stroma. Until chorionic villi of the early placenta are formed, the implanted embryo absorbs nutrients and oxygen from the local endometrial tissue and lacunae of blood. = Mescher A., Ed. Junqueira's Basic Histology, 12th Ed., The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2009, 480. = 2_93/Junqueira's Basic Histology12ed2009.chm = = = embrio8_1.tif Table 22–1. Summary of events of the menstrual cycle. = sysro10.htm Stage of Cycle Proliferative Secretory or Luteal Menstrual Main actions of pituitary hormones Follicle-stimulating hormone stimulates rapid growth of ovarian follicles. Peak of luteinizing hormone at the beginning of secretory stage, secreted by stimulation of estrogen, induces ovulation and development of the corpus luteum. Main events in the ovary Growth of ovarian follicles; dominant follicle reaches preovulatory stage. Ovulation. Development of the corpus luteum. Degeneration of the corpus luteum. Dominant ovarian hormone Estrogens, produced by the growing follicles, act on vagina, tubes, and uterus. Progesterone, produced by the corpus luteum, acts mainly on the uterus. Progesterone production ceases. Main events in the endometrium Growth of the mucosa after menstruation. Further growth of the mucosa, coiling of glands, secretion. Shedding of part of the mucosa about 14 days after ovulation. = = Mescher A., Ed. Junqueira's Basic Histology, 12th Ed., The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2009, 480. = 2_93/Junqueira's Basic Histology12ed2009.chm = = = sysro10.htm Arterial supply to the endometrium. The basal and functional layers of the endometrium are supplied by different sets of small arteries emerging from the uterine arcuate arteries in the myometrium: the straight arteries and spiral arteries respectively. The spiral arteries are uniquely sensitive to progesterone, growing rapidly in a spiral fashion as the functional layer thickens under the influence of that luteal steroid and providing blood to a microvasculature that includes many lacunae lined by thin endothelium. This blood supply brings oxygen and nutrients to cells of the functionalis and to an embryo implanting itself into that tissue. If no embryo is present to produce the gonadotropin replacing LH, the corpus luteum undergoes regression 8–10 days after ovulation. The rapid decline in the level of progesterone causes constriction of the spiral arteries and other changes that quickly lead to local ischemia in the functional layer and its separation from the basal layer during menstruation. = Mescher A., Ed. Junqueira's Basic Histology, 12th Ed., The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2009, 480. = 2_93/Junqueira's Basic Histology12ed2009.chm = = = sysro10_4_1.tif Figure 22–15. Correlation of ovarian and menstrual cycles with levels of their controlling hormones. The cyclic development of ovarian follicles and the corpus luteum, controlled by the pituitary gonadotropins FSH and LH, lead to cyclic shifts in the levels of the major ovarian hormones: steroidal estrogens and progesterone. Estrogen stimulates the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle and its level peaks near the day of ovulation, which marks the midpoint of the ovarian cycle. After ovulation the corpus luteum forms and produces both progesterone and estrogens, which together promote growth and development of the endometrial functional layer. Unless fertilization and implantation of an embryo occur, regression of the corpus luteum leads to declining levels of the steroid hormones and failure of the new endometrial tissue to be maintained. This tissue sloughs off as the menstrual flow, the first day of which is taken to mark day 1 of both the ovarian cycle and the uterine cycle. The basal layer of endometrium is not sensitive to the loss of progesterone and is retained during menstruation, serving to regenerate the functional layer during the ensuing proliferative phase. = Mescher A., Ed. Junqueira's Basic Histology, 12th Ed., The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2009, 480. = 2_93/Junqueira's Basic Histology12ed2009.chm = = = sysro10_5_1.tif + sysro10_5_2.tif + sysro10_5_3.tif + sysro10_5_4.tif Figure 22–12. Uterine tubes and uterus. The uterine tubes or oviducts are paired ducts that catch the ovulated secondary oocyte, nourish both the oocyte and sperm, provide the microenvironment for fertilization, and transport the embryo undergoing cleavage to the uterus. (a): The diagram shows the relationship between the uterine tubes and the uterus in an intact posterior view (left) and in a cut-away view (right). (b): The micrograph shows a uterine tube in cross-section. H&E. (c): Micrograph shows the layers of the endometrium and myometrium in the wall of the uterus. X45. H&E. = Mescher A., Ed. Junqueira's Basic Histology, 12th Ed., The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2009, 480. = 2_93/Junqueira's Basic Histology12ed2009.chm = = = sysro7_5_1.tif Figure 22–6. Ultrastructure of primary follicle and zona pellucida. An SEM of a fractured primary follicle shows the oocyte surrounded by granulosa cells (GC). Between the very large oocyte surface and the granulosa cells is a fibrous layer of extracellular material, the zona pellucida (ZP), which contains four related glycoproteins that bind sperm and form an irregular meshwork. X3000. = Mescher A., Ed. Junqueira's Basic Histology, 12th Ed., The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2009, 480. = 2_93/Junqueira's Basic Histology12ed2009.chm = = = sysro9_1.tif Figure 22–3. Stages of ovarian follicles, from primordial to mature. Diagrams of sectioned ovarian follicles show the changing size and morphology of follicular/granulosa cells at each stage and the disposition of the surrounding thecal cells. However, the relative proportions of the follicles are not maintained in the series of drawings: mature follicles are much larger relative to the early follicles. = Mescher A., Ed. Junqueira's Basic Histology, 12th Ed., The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2009, 480. = 2_93/Junqueira's Basic Histology12ed2009.chm = = = sysro9_2.tif Figure 22–2. Follicle development and changes within the ovary. The ovary produces both oocytes and sex hormones. A diagram of a sectioned ovary (a), shows the different stages of follicle maturation, ovulation, and corpus luteum formation and degeneration. All of the stages and structures shown in this diagram actually would appear at different times during the ovarian cycle and do not occur simultaneously. Follicles are arranged here for easy comparisons. The primordial follicles shown are greatly enlarged. The histological sections identify primordial follicles (b), a primary follicle (c), a secondary follicle (d), and a large vesicular follicle (e). After ovulation, the portion of the follicle left behind forms the corpus luteum (f), which then degenerates into the corpus albicans (g). All H&E. = Mescher A., Ed. Junqueira's Basic Histology, 12th Ed., The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2009, 480. = 2_93/Junqueira's Basic Histology12ed2009.chm = = = sysro9_3.tif Figure 22–1. The female reproductive system and overview of ovary. (a): The diagram shows the internal organs of the female reproductive system, which includes as the principal organs the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina. (b): A lateral sectional view of an ovary shows the ovary and the relationship of its main supporting mesenteries, the mesovarium and the mesosalpinx of the broad ligament. (c): Micrograph of a sectioned ovary, indicating the medullary and cortical regions, with follicles of several different sizes in the cortex. X15. H&E. = Mescher A., Ed. Junqueira's Basic Histology, 12th Ed., The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2009, 480. = 2_93/Junqueira's Basic Histology12ed2009.chm = = = sysro7_6_1.tif
  • Схема. Яичники и широкая связка. Вид спереди и слева.
  • Схема. Матка. А. Вид спереди. Фронтальный разрез. Б. Латеральный разрез.
  • Схема. Маточные трубы. Сагиттальный разрез.
  • Схема. Матка и влагалище. Углы загиба и поворота матки кпереди.
  • Схема. Влагалище. А. Вид слева. Б. Стенки сводов влагалища и шейка матки при осмотре через гинекологическое зеркало.
  • Схема. Фасции таза. А. У женщин.
  • Схема. Фасции таза. Б. У мужчин.
  • Схема. Брюшина таза. А. У женщин.
  • Схема. Брюшина таза. Б. У мужчин.
  • Схема. Крестцовое и копчиковое нервные сплетения. Вид слева.
  • Схема. Крестцовое и копчиковое сплетение: части и ветви.
  • Схема. Симпатические стволы таза.
  • Схема. Тазовые ответвления предвертебрального сплетения. А. Вид спереди.
  • Схема. Тазовые ответвления предвертебрального сплетения. Б. Вид слева.
  • Схема. Внутренняя подвздошная артерия: ветви заднего ствола.
  • Схема. Внутренняя подвздошная артерия: ветви переднего ствола.
  • Схема. Артерии матки и влагалища. Вид слева.
  • Схема. Вены таза. А. У мужчин. Вид слева. Большинство внутренних органов удалено. Б. Вены относящиеся к прямой кишке и заднепроходному каналу.
  • Схема. Таз: лимфатические сосуды.
  • Схема. Промежность. А. Границы промежности.
  • Схема. Промежность. Б. Мембрана промежности - комплекс мягких тканей, закрывающих выход из полости малого таза.
  • Схема. Седалищно-анальная ямка и её передние углубления. A. Вид спереди и слева. Левая половина стенки таза удалена. Б. Вид снизу. В. Вид спереди и слева. Стенки таза и диафрагма таза удалены.
  • Схема. Эректильные ткани (А) клитора и (Б) полового члена.
  • Схема. Мышцы поверхностного кармана промежности. А. У женщин. Б. У мужчин.
  • Схема. Промежность у женщин. Характерные черты поверхностной промежности у женщин. А. Обзор. Б. Наружные гениталии (половые органы).
  • Схема. Промежность у мужчин. А. Обзор. Б. Половой член.
  • Схема. Поверхностная фасция. А. Вид сбоку. Б. Вид спереди.
  • Схема. Половой нерв у мужчин. Вид слева.
  • Схема. Половой нерв у женщин. Вид снизу.
  • Схема. Промежность: артерии. Вид слева.
  • Схема. Промежность: вены. Вид слева.
  • Схема. Промежность: лимфатический дренаж. Вид спереди.
  • Схема. Область таза по отношению к скелету у мужчин и у женщин. Вид слева.
  • Схема. Область таза по отношению к скелету у мужчин и у женщин. Вид спереди.
  • Схема. Промежность у мужчин. Вид снизу.
  • Схема. Промежность у женщин. Вид снизу.
  • Схема. Заднепроходный треугольник у мужчин.
  • Схема. Заднепроходный треугольник у женщин.
  • Схема. Структура урогенитального треугольника у женщин. А. Обзор. Б. Преддверие влагалища.
  • Схема. Структура урогенитального треугольника у женщин. В. Вход во влагалище, наружное отверстие мочеиспускательного канала и клитор. Г. Устья преддверных желёз влагалища.
  • Схема. Структура урогенитального треугольника у женщин. Д. Шейка матки, просматриваемая через канал влагалища. Е. Проекция на наружную поверхность: эректильных тканей клитора, преддверия и больших преддверных желёз.
  • Схема. Структура урогенитального треугольника у мужчин. А. Вид снизу.
  • Схема. Структура урогенитального треугольника у мужчин. Б. Вентральная поверхность тела полового члена.
  • Схема. Структура урогенитального треугольника у мужчин. В. Боковая поверхность тела и головки полового члена. Г. Передняя поверхность головки полового члена, наружное отверстие мочеиспускательного канала.
  • Схема. Структура урогенитального треугольника у мужчин. Вид снизу. Д. Проекция эректильных тканей на поверхность тела.
  • Схема. Плацента. Fig. 21.8 The dialysis organization of the placenta with typical blood gas values. Note that the maternal and fetal circulations are separate and that the blood leaving the placenta via the umbilical vein is not fully equilibrated with the maternal blood. = placen10_1.tif
  • Схема. Гемациркуляция плода (a), новорожденного (b) и взрослого (c).
  • Схема. ХХХ.
  • Схема. ХХХ.
  • Схема. ХХХ.
  • Схема. ХХХ.
  • Схема. ХХХ.
  • Схема. ХХХ.
  • Схема. ХХХ.
  • Схема. ХХХ.
  • Схема. ХХХ.


  • СИСТЕМА РЕПРОДУКЦИИ: ТАБЛИЦЫ (5) И ИЛЛЮСТРАЦИИ (48)
       
    reproductive system: tables (5) and illustrations (48) ]

         (Греч.: σΰστημα - составленное из многих частей, соединенное в одно целое, 1603;
          лат.: reproduction - воспроизведение, 1659; re- приставка, выражающая возобновление, повторность  +  produco, -duxi, -ductum, -ere - производить, рождать).
         Система репродукции, или система воспроизведения, или половая система - это
    система женского организма и мужского организма, главной целью (назначением) которой является осуществление функции размножения: воспроизведения новой особи, её последующий рост и развитие. Эта цель осуществляется в соответствии с потенциальными и актуальными индивидуальными и социальными потребностями человека.

         СИСТЕМА РЕПРОДУКЦИИ: ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ
         СИСТЕМА РЕПРОДУКЦИИ: ТАБЛИЦЫ (5) И ИЛЛЮСТРАЦИИ (49).
         СИСТЕМА РЕПРОДУКЦИИ: ЛИТЕРАТУРА.

    В РАЗРАБОТКЕ      =      UNDER CONSTRUCTION


      СИСТЕМА РЕПРОДУКЦИИ: ТАБЛИЦЫ

    1. Таблица. Table 21.1 The distribution of maternal weight gain at 40 weeks gestation. =
    2. Таблица. Fig. 21.14 The development of the mammary gland. During pregnancy the gland matures under the influence of a number of hormones. Lactation does not commence until the circulating levels of progesterone and estrogens decline. = = Pocock G., Richards C.D. Human Physiology: The Basis of Medicine. Oxford University Press, 2006, 656 p. = 2_58/Hum_Physiology_ Basis_Medicine2006.chm
    3. Таблица. Table 21.3 The composition of human breast milk. = Pocock G., Richards C.D. Human Physiology: The Basis of Medicine. Oxford University Press, 2006, 656 p. = 2_58/Hum_Physiology_ Basis_Medicine2006.chm
    4. Таблица. Table 21.4 Recommended daily intake of protein and micronutrients during lactation. = Pocock G., Richards C.D. Human Physiology: The Basis of Medicine. Oxford University Press, 2006, 656 p. = 2_58/Hum_Physiology_ Basis_Medicine2006.chm
    5. Таблица. Box 21.1 An outline of contraceptive methods = Pocock G., Richards C.D. Human Physiology: The Basis of Medicine. Oxford University Press, 2006, 656 p. = 2_58/Hum_Physiology_ Basis_Medicine2006.chm
      СИСТЕМА РЕПРОДУКЦИИ: ИЛЛЮСТРАЦИИ

    1. Схема. Объект управления репродуктивной системы мужчин. А. Обзор.
    2. Схема. Объект управления репродуктивной системы мужчин. Б. Яички и окружающие их структуры.
    3. Схема. = Fig. 20.1 A posterior view of the adult human male reproductive system to show the principal structures. = Pocock G., Richards C.D. Human Physiology: The Basis of Medicine. Oxford University Press, 2006, 656 p. = 2_58/Hum_Physiology_ Basis_Medicine2006.chm = sysro2_1_1.tif
    4. Схема. = Fig. 20.2 The adult testis, epididymis, and vas deferens. = Pocock G., Richards C.D. Human Physiology: The Basis of Medicine. Oxford University Press, 2006, 656 p. = 2_58/Hum_Physiology_ Basis_Medicine2006.chm = sysro2_2_1.tif
    5. Схема. = Figure 28.5 Male Reproductive Structures Frontal view of the testes, epididymis, ductus deferens, and glands of the male reproductive system. The urethra is cut open along its dorsal side. Seeley R.R., Stephens T.D., Tate P., 6th ed., McGraw-Hill, 2007; 1210 p. == 2_35/Anatomy and physiology Seeley 6th2004.pdf = sysro3_5_1.tif
    6. Схема. = Fig. 20.3 Sectional view of the wall of a seminiferous tubule to show the relationship between the Sertoli cells and the developing spermatozoa. Note the tight junctions between the basal regions of the Sertoli cells separating the basal compartment from the adluminal compartment. = Pocock G., Richards C.D. Human Physiology: The Basis of Medicine. Oxford University Press, 2006, 656 p. = 2_58/Hum_Physiology_ Basis_Medicine2006.chm = sysro2_3_1.tif
    7. Схема. = Fig. 20.6 The relationship between the hormonal secretions of the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and testes. = Pocock G., Richards C.D. Human Physiology: The Basis of Medicine. Oxford University Press, 2006, 656 p. = 2_58/Hum_Physiology_ Basis_Medicine2006.chm = sysro2_5_1.tif
    8. Схема. = Fig. 20.10 A summary of the principal phases ofthe ovarian cycle. The top panel shows the sequence of follicular development, ovulation, and formation of the corpus luteum. The lower part of the figure shows the relationship between the follicular and luteal phases ofthe cycle in relation to follicular development. = Pocock G., Richards C.D. Human Physiology: The Basis of Medicine. Oxford University Press, 2006, 656 p. = 2_58/Hum_Physiology_ Basis_Medicine2006.chm = sysro9_4_1.tif
    9. Схема. = Fig. 20.11 Stages in the development of the ovum: (a) an early pre-antral follicle; (b) a late preantral follicle; (c) a late antral (or Graafian) follicle. Note the proliferation of stromal and granulosa cells and the development of the fluid-filled antrum. = Pocock G., Richards C.D. Human Physiology: The Basis of Medicine. Oxford University Press, 2006, 656 p. = 2_58/Hum_Physiology_ Basis_Medicine2006.chm = sysro9_5_1.tif
    10. Схема. = Fig. 20.12 The changes in hormone levels during the menstrual cycle. (a) The pattern of secretion shown by the gonadotrophins (FSH and LH); (b) the changes in the plasma levels of estradiol-17? and progesterone. The solid bar marked ‘m’ represents the period of menstruation. = Pocock G., Richards C.D. Human Physiology: The Basis of Medicine. Oxford University Press, 2006, 656 p. = 2_58/Hum_Physiology_ Basis_Medicine2006.chm = sysro9_6_1.tif
    11. Схема. = Fig. 20.13 The cyclical changes shown by body temperature, cervical secretions, and the uterine endometrium in relation to the circulating levels of estradiol-17? and progesterone. = Pocock G., Richards C.D. Human Physiology: The Basis of Medicine. Oxford University Press, 2006, 656 p. = 2_58/Hum_Physiology_ Basis_Medicine2006.chm = sysro9_7_1.tif
    12. Схема. = Fig. 20.14 Schematic diagram illustrating the positive (+) and negative (-) feedback control of the hormonal secretions of the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and ovaries. = Pocock G., Richards C.D. Human Physiology: The Basis of Medicine. Oxford University Press, 2006, 656 p. = 2_58/Hum_Physiology_ Basis_Medicine2006.chm = sysro11_2_1.tif
    13. Схема. = Биосинтез из холестерола главных половых стероидных гормонов. Box 20.1 Biosynthesis of the major sex steriod hormones from cholestrol = Pocock G., Richards C.D. Human Physiology: The Basis of Medicine. Oxford University Press, 2006, 656 p. = 2_58/Hum_Physiology_ Basis_Medicine2006.chm = sysro5_4_1_2.tif В файл стероидные гормоны
    14. Схема. = Главные направления биосинтеза стероидных гормонов.
      Модификация: Hacker N., Moore J.G., Gambone J., Eds. Essentials of Obstetrics and Gynecology. Saunders, 2004, 544 p.,
      см.: Физиология человека: Литература. Иллюстрации

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    В отдельном окне: 

         
    «Я    У Ч Е Н Ы Й    И Л И . . .    Н Е Д О У Ч К А ?»
        Т Е С Т    В А Ш Е Г О    И Н Т Е Л Л Е К Т А

    Предпосылка:
    Эффективность развития любой отрасли знаний определяется степенью соответствия методологии познания - познаваемой сущности.
    Реальность:
    Живые структуры от биохимического и субклеточного уровня, до целого организма являются вероятностными структурами. Функции вероятностных структур являются вероятностными функциями.
    Необходимое условие:
    Эффективное исследование вероятностных структур и функций должно основываться на вероятностной методологии (Трифонов Е.В., 1978,..., ..., 2015, …).
    Критерий: Степень развития морфологии, физиологии, психологии человека и медицины, объём индивидуальных и социальных знаний в этих областях определяется степенью использования вероятностной методологии.
    Актуальные знания: В соответствии с предпосылкой, реальностью, необходимым условием и критерием... ...
    о ц е н и т е   с а м о с т о я т е л ь н о:
    —  с т е п е н ь  р а з в и т и я   с о в р е м е н н о й   н а у к и,
    —  о б ъ е м   В а ш и х   з н а н и й   и
    —  В а ш   и н т е л л е к т !


    Любые реальности, как физические, так и психические, являются по своей сущности вероятностными.  Формулирование этого фундаментального положения – одно из главных достижений науки 20-го века.  Инструментом эффективного познания вероятностных сущностей и явлений служит вероятностная методология (Трифонов Е.В., 1978,..., ..., 2014, …).  Использование вероятностной методологии позволило открыть и сформулировать важнейший для психофизиологии принцип: генеральной стратегией управления всеми психофизическими структурами и функциями является прогнозирование (Трифонов Е.В., 1978,..., ..., 2012, …).  Непризнание этих фактов по незнанию – заблуждение и признак научной некомпетентности.  Сознательное отвержение или замалчивание этих фактов – признак недобросовестности и откровенная ложь.


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