Таблица. История биологии и медицины грудной железы. Модификация: Skandalakis J.E. Surgical Anatomy: The Embryologic And Anatomic Basis Of Modern Surgery. McGraw-Hill Professional, 2004, 1750., см.: Медицина: Литература. Иллюстрации. |
№ |
Автор |
Дата |
Научное открытие |
1 |
Egypt (Ebers Papyrus) |
1600 B.C. |
Diagnosis and treatment of breast tumors.
Suggestions included heat cauterization with
"fire drill," and excision by knife |
2 |
Democedes |
ca. 525 B.C. |
According to Herodotus, he successfully
treated a woman with a breast tumor |
3 |
Hippocrates (460-377 B.C.) |
|
Made references to breast cancer, providing
detailed descriptions of its effects |
4 |
Celsus (ca. 14-37 A.D.) |
|
Recommended against surgery, due to further
irritation of breast cancer. If surgery had
to be performed, he advised against removal
of pectoralis muscles. |
5 |
Galen (ca. 130-ca. 200 A.D.) |
|
Claimed an excess of black bile (melancholia)
caused cancer. Treatment centered on
nutrition and purgation. Surgical excision
was only recommended if tumor was removable. |
6 |
Leonides of Alexandria |
1st Cent. |
According to Aëtius of Amida (6th Cent.), he
used extensive cauterization, along with a
knife, in amputating breast |
7 |
Lanfrank |
1296 |
Published Chirurgica Parva. Described
surgery of breast using Leonides' method. |
8 |
De Mondeville (1260-ca. 1320) |
|
Advocated deep incision, extirpation, and
cauterization for small breast tumors. Used
zinc chloride caustic pastes on large tumors. |
9 |
DeChauliac |
1363 |
In his Chirurgica Magna, advocated
purgation and dietary regulation for
conservative treatment of breast cancer. If
tumor was operable, then a wide excision and
removal of all "rests" was recommended. |
10 |
Arees |
1493 |
Advocated dividing cancerous breast
lengthwise and dissolving tumor with
ligature |
11 |
Fuchs (1501-1566) |
|
Compressed breast cancers with lead plate |
12 |
Vesalius (1514-1564) |
|
Treated breast cancers with wide excision
and hemostasis with ligatures |
13 |
Paré (1510-1590) |
|
Recognized relationship between breast
cancer and axillary node extension. With a
small cancer, removed tumor beyond these
extensions. With a large cancer, used sweet
milk, vinegar, and ointments. He also
attempted tumor compression with lead
plates. |
14 |
Fabricius ab Aquapendente (1537-1619) |
|
Performed radical surgery only at patient's
request. He felt partial excision was
worthless. |
15 |
Von Hilden (1560-1624) |
|
Designed an instrument that constricted and
fixed base of breast for faster amputation |
16 |
Cabrol |
1570 |
Reported removal of pectoralis major muscle
to successfully treat breast cancer |
17 |
Severinus |
1632 |
Removed large axillary nodes during breast
excision |
18 |
Tulp |
1652 |
Thought breast cancer was contagious,
arguing that a servant girl had contracted
it from her mistress |
19 |
Clowes (1560-1634) |
|
Used exorcism to treat breast cancer.
Physician to Queen Elizabeth, he believed
that laying on of royal hands would heal
breast tumors. |
20 |
De Houppeville |
1693 |
Reported removing breast while also removing
part of pectoralis major muscle |
21 |
Le Dran (1685-1770) |
|
Recognized that cancer spread through
lymphatics to regional nodes; removed
axillary nodes whenever possible. Recognized
need for early operation. |
22 |
Sharp |
18th Cent. |
Wrote of breast removal through an oval
incision and excision of "knobs" in armpit |
23 |
Bidloo |
1715 |
Designed pronged fork used to transfix
breast for amputation |
24 |
Tabor |
1721 |
Designed guillotine-type instrument used for
breast amputation |
25 |
Petit |
1774 |
Published Traite des Operations,
which explained that roots of cancer lie in
enlarged lymphatic nodes. Advocated removing
lymph nodes, pectoral fascia, and some
muscle fibers. |
26 |
Bell |
1784 |
Removed tumors early. Cleared the axillary
nodes in armpit while preserving pectoral
muscle and sparing much of the skin. |
27 |
Cruikshank |
1786 |
Described lymphatics of human breast |
28 |
Young |
1818 |
Tried a modern version of Paré's compression
treatment |
29 |
Cooper |
1845 |
Described suspensory ligaments bearing his
name |
30 |
Paget |
1853 |
Wrote, "[W]e have to ask ourselves whether
it is probable that the operation will add
to the length or comfort of life enough to
justify incurring the risk for its own
consequences." |
31 |
Velpeau |
1856 |
His Treatise on the Diseases of the
Breast advocated thorough excision of
tumor and its overlying skin – not total
amputation of breast – preserving nipple if
possible. |
32 |
Moore |
1867 |
Argued that recurrence of cancer was due to
fragments left after operation. Advocated
removal of breast and its surrounding tissue
(skin, lymph nodes, fat, and some pectoral
muscle). |
33 |
Sweeting |
1869 |
Reported on removal of pectoralis major
muscle during mastectomy. Wrote in his On
a New Operation for Cancer of the Breast,
"The surgical anatomist can readily see that
you do not by these incisions add to the
dangers of the operation." |
34 |
Lister |
1870 |
Refined Moore's technique of axillary
exposure and divided pectoral muscles |
35 |
Volkmann |
1875 |
Removed as much tissue as possible,
including pectoralis major muscle and
sometimes pectoralis minor muscle during
breast tumor excision |
36 |
Gross |
1880 |
In Tumors of the Mammary Gland, he
extended Moore's procedure to include
excision |
37 |
Halsted |
1882-1907 |
Worked extensively on procedure known as
radical mastectomy: "About eight years ago
(1882) I began not only to typically clean
out the axilla in all cases of cancer of the
breast but also to excise in almost every
case the pectoralis major muscle, or at
least a generous piece of it, and to give
the tumor on all sides an exceedingly wide
berth." |
38 |
Sappey |
1885 |
Noted presence of subareolar plexus into
which parenchymal lymphatics drained,
claiming that most of drainage was to axilla |
39 |
Heidenhain |
1888 |
Investigated spread of breast cancer through
lymphatics into retromammary tissue,
pectoral fascia, and pectoralis major
muscle. Argued that lymphatics follow
pectoral fascia down into muscle; cancer
often found in this deep plane. |
40 |
Welch |
1891 |
Used frozen sections in diagnosis of breast
cancer |
41 |
Stiles |
1892 |
While studying 100 surgical specimens of
breast cancer, found cancer in connective
tissue radiating from tumor into surrounding
circum-mammary fat, parenchyma, in septa
separating lobulus of circum-mammary fat,
and in Cooper's suspensory ligaments |
42 |
Meyer |
1894 |
Reported his experiences with radical
mastectomy procedure similar to Halsted's
(differing only in skin incision) |
43 |
Czerny |
1895 |
Replaced surgically removed breast with
large lipoma (breast reconstruction) |
44 |
Grossman |
1896 |
Injected mercury in adult cadavers while
studying their axillary lymph nodes. Noted
lymphatic trunks with interspersed lymph
nodes lying between pectoralis muscles. |
45 |
Tansini |
1896 |
Performed immediate breast reconstruction
using latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous flap
after radical mastectomy |
46 |
Gocht |
1897 |
Irradiated case of inoperable breast cancer
(Roentgen's x-rays were discovered in 1895) |
47 |
Rotter |
1899 |
Noted metastases while tracing lymphatics
from breast to inter-pectoral nodes |
48 |
Bloodgood |
1914 |
Advocated biopsy followed by immediate
mastectomy |
49 |
Janeway |
1917 |
Used interstitial irradiation instead of
mastectomy |
50 |
Stibbe |
1918 |
Published detailed study on internal mammary
lymphatics |
51 |
Keynes |
1922-1931 |
Starting with 1922 work with Gask, argued
against radical mastectomy. Used combination
of radiation therapy (with radium needles)
and simple mastectomy. |
52 |
W.S. Handley |
1927 |
Suggested standard radical mastectomy be
extended to include internal mammary
lymphatics. Also implanted radium tubes
parasternally as prophylaxis. |
53 |
Patey and Dyson |
1943 |
Developed modified radical mastectomy.
Advocated wide skin excision and axilla
clearing while sparing pectoralis major
muscle. |
54 |
McWhirter |
1948 |
Promoted combination of simple mastectomy
and high voltage x-ray therapy |
55 |
Wangensteen |
1949 |
Advocated using intrapleural extended
radical mastectomy – sometimes extending
into mediastinum — to treat breast cancer.
This supra-radical surgery included
cervicothoracic approach and median
sternotomy with supraclavicular dissection,
upper mediastinal dissection, and removal of
internal mammary chain of lymph nodes. |
56 |
Pack |
1951 |
Called for prophylactic bilateral mastectomy
even with cancer in one breast |
57 |
Margottini and Bucalossi |
1952 |
Advocated extrapleural excision of
parasternal nodes during radical mastectomy |
58 |
Urban |
1952 |
Performed intrapleural removal of
parasternal nodes during radical mastectomy.
|
59 |
Urban |
1952 |
Extensive surgery included en-bloc resection
of breast and axilla, removal of pectoralis,
wide skin excision with thin flaps, and
en-bloc excision of internal mammary glands
(splitting sternum as well as 2nd-5th ribs). |
60 |
Gershon-Cohen et al. |
1953 |
Reported some success with roentgenography |
61 |
Bauclesse, Ennuyer, and Cheguillaume |
1960 |
Performed lobectomy (tumorectomy) followed
by radiation therapy |
62 |
Egan |
1962 |
Correct interpretation of mammograms in 501
of 518 proven carcinomas (96.7%) and
recognition of 351 of 383 benign lesions
(91.6%) |
63 |
Gros |
1963 |
Proposed "senology" as special discipline
for study of breasts |
64 |
Dodd et al. |
1963 |
First needle-localization procedure.
Published in 1965. |
65 |
Witten |
1964 |
Stated that 80-90% of breast cancer
determined by surgical biopsy can also be
discovered from mammography |
66 |
Funderburk |
1964 |
Located intraductal papillomas by injection
of 50% solution of diatrizoate of sodium
into bleeding duct, followed by mammography |
67 |
Berger et al. |
1966 |
Described non-invasive localization method
for mammographically detected occult lesion |
68 |
Olivari |
1974 |
Used latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap. |
69 |
Olivari |
1976 |
Placed silicone prosthesis under flap. |
70 |
Frank et al. |
1976 |
Used self-retaining wire to guide needle |
71 |
Dreaver |
1977 |
Pioneered breast reconstruction with
myocutaneous flaps. Published in major
journals in 1981, 1986. |
72 |
Bostwick |
1978 |
Systematized use of latissimus dorsi
myocutaneous flap |
73 |
Veronesi et al. |
1981 |
First study report that survival rates for
breast conserving procedure could equal
those of Halstead radical mastectomy |
74 |
Hartramp et al. |
1982 |
Demonstrated transverse myocutaneous flap |
75 |
Lagios et al. |
1982, 1989 |
Developed criteria for excision of ductal
carcinoma in situ |
76 |
Laing |
1984 |
First use of ultrasound to guide needle
localization |
77 |
Sarhadi et al. |
1997 |
Studied innervation of nipple and areola |
78 |
March et al. Joint Task Force |
1997 |
National surveys of breast core biopsy use |
|