Трифонов Е.В.
Антропология:   дух - душа - тело - среда человека,

или  Пневмапсихосоматология человека

Русско-англо-русская энциклопедия, 18-е изд., 2015

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Психология Соматология Математика Физика Химия Наука            Общая   лексика
А Б В Г Д Е Ж З И К Л М Н О П Р С Т У Ф Х Ц Ч Ш Щ Э Ю Я
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z


ЛАКТАЦИЯ
lactation ]

     (Лат.: lacto - кормить молоком; lacteo - сосать грудь; 1794).
     Лактация - это
совокупность процессов в организме женщины, результатом которых является синтез, резервирование и выведение молочными железами женщины молока, предназначенного для питания новорожденного ребёнка.

     Во время беременности среда в полости матки является средой для развития клеток, тканей, органов и соматических систем зародыша. Нормальное внутриматочное развитие является необходимым условием для выживания и дальнейшего развития новорожденного ребёнка после родов.
     Все потребности новорожденного в питательных веществах удовлетворяются при его естественном кормлении материнским молоком. Грудное молоко матери соответствует индивидуальным динамическим особенностям пищеварения и метаболизма веществ в организме её грудного ребенка, возможностям всех его систем. Динамика лактации и состава грудного молока: (молозиво  ──  переходное молоко  ── зрелое молоко) синхронны с динамикой потребностей новорожденного и способствуют адаптации новорожденного к внеутробному существованию.
     Лактация и кормление матерью новорожденного грудным молоком обеспечивают наилучшее физическое, психическое и духовное взаимодействие новорожденного с матерью.


СИСТЕМА РЕПРОДУКЦИИ: ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ


1Мужская половая система = Male reproductive system.


2Женская половая система = Female reproductive system.


3Половой акт = Sexual act, sexual intercourse, heterosexual intercourse.


4Оплодотворение = Fertilization.


5Беременность = Pregnancy.


6Роды = Parturition.


7Развитие новорожденного ребёнка = New-born child development.


8Лактация = Lactation.


8.1Лактация. Введение = Lactation. Introduction.


8.2Морфология грудной железы = Morphology of the Breast.


8.2.1Макроструктура грудной железы = Macrostructure of the Breast.


8.2.2Микроструктура грудной железы = Microstructure of the Breast.


8.2.3Развитие грудной железы = Development of the Breast.


8.3Лактогенез = Lactogenesis.


8.4Стадии лактации = Stages of Lactation.


8.4.1Молозиво = Colostrum.


8.4.2Переходное молоко = Transitional Milk.


8.4.3Зрелое молоко = Mature Milk.


8.5Механизмы управления лактогенезом = Mechanisms of Lactogenesis Control.


8.6Заключение = Сonclusion.


8.7История биологии и медицины грудной железы = History of the Breast Biology and Medicine.


9Грудное вскармливание ребенка = Breastfeeding.


10Физикальная оценка новорожденного = Newborn physical assessment.


11Контрацепция = Contraception.

     История биологии и медицины грудной железы.

Таблица.  История биологии и медицины грудной железы. Перевести на русский язык = Translate into Russian
Модификация: Skandalakis J.E. Surgical Anatomy: The Embryologic And Anatomic Basis Of Modern Surgery. McGraw-Hill Professional, 2004, 1750., см.: Медицина: Литература. Иллюстрации.

Автор

Дата

Научное открытие

1

Egypt (Ebers Papyrus)

1600 B.C.

Diagnosis and treatment of breast tumors. Suggestions included heat cauterization with "fire drill," and excision by knife

2

Democedes

ca. 525 B.C.

According to Herodotus, he successfully treated a woman with a breast tumor

3

Hippocrates (460-377 B.C.)

 

Made references to breast cancer, providing detailed descriptions of its effects

4

Celsus (ca. 14-37 A.D.)

 

Recommended against surgery, due to further irritation of breast cancer. If surgery had to be performed, he advised against removal of pectoralis muscles.

5

Galen (ca. 130-ca. 200 A.D.)

 

Claimed an excess of black bile (melancholia) caused cancer. Treatment centered on nutrition and purgation. Surgical excision was only recommended if tumor was removable.

6

Leonides of Alexandria

1st Cent.

According to Aëtius of Amida (6th Cent.), he used extensive cauterization, along with a knife, in amputating breast

7

Lanfrank

1296

Published Chirurgica Parva. Described surgery of breast using Leonides' method. 

8

De Mondeville (1260-ca. 1320)

 

Advocated deep incision, extirpation, and cauterization for small breast tumors. Used zinc chloride caustic pastes on large tumors.

9

DeChauliac

1363

In his Chirurgica Magna, advocated purgation and dietary regulation for conservative treatment of breast cancer. If tumor was operable, then a wide excision and removal of all "rests" was recommended. 

10

Arees

1493

Advocated dividing cancerous breast lengthwise and dissolving tumor with ligature

11

Fuchs (1501-1566)

 

Compressed breast cancers with lead plate

12

Vesalius (1514-1564)

 

Treated breast cancers with wide excision and hemostasis with ligatures

13

Paré (1510-1590)

 

Recognized relationship between breast cancer and axillary node extension. With a small cancer, removed tumor beyond these extensions. With a large cancer, used sweet milk, vinegar, and ointments. He also attempted tumor compression with lead plates.

14

Fabricius ab Aquapendente (1537-1619)

 

Performed radical surgery only at patient's request. He felt partial excision was worthless.

15

Von Hilden (1560-1624)

 

Designed an instrument that constricted and fixed base of breast for faster amputation

16

Cabrol

1570

Reported removal of pectoralis major muscle to successfully treat breast cancer

17

Severinus

1632

Removed large axillary nodes during breast excision

18

Tulp

1652

Thought breast cancer was contagious, arguing that a servant girl had contracted it from her mistress

19

Clowes (1560-1634)

 

Used exorcism to treat breast cancer. Physician to Queen Elizabeth, he believed that laying on of royal hands would heal breast tumors.

20

De Houppeville

1693

Reported removing breast while also removing part of pectoralis major muscle

21

Le Dran (1685-1770)

 

Recognized that cancer spread through lymphatics to regional nodes; removed axillary nodes whenever possible. Recognized need for early operation.

22

Sharp

18th Cent.

Wrote of breast removal through an oval incision and excision of "knobs" in armpit

23

Bidloo

1715

Designed pronged fork used to transfix breast for amputation

24

Tabor

1721

Designed guillotine-type instrument used for breast amputation

25

Petit

1774

Published Traite des Operations, which explained that roots of cancer lie in enlarged lymphatic nodes. Advocated removing lymph nodes, pectoral fascia, and some muscle fibers. 

26

Bell

1784

Removed tumors early. Cleared the axillary nodes in armpit while preserving pectoral muscle and sparing much of the skin.

27

Cruikshank

1786

Described lymphatics of human breast

28

Young

1818

Tried a modern version of Paré's compression treatment

29

Cooper

1845

Described suspensory ligaments bearing his name

30

Paget

1853

Wrote, "[W]e have to ask ourselves whether it is probable that the operation will add to the length or comfort of life enough to justify incurring the risk for its own consequences."

31

Velpeau

1856

His Treatise on the Diseases of the Breast advocated thorough excision of tumor and its overlying skin – not total amputation of breast – preserving nipple if possible. 

32

Moore

1867

Argued that recurrence of cancer was due to fragments left after operation. Advocated removal of breast and its surrounding tissue (skin, lymph nodes, fat, and some pectoral muscle).

33

Sweeting

1869

Reported on removal of pectoralis major muscle during mastectomy. Wrote in his On a New Operation for Cancer of the Breast, "The surgical anatomist can readily see that you do not by these incisions add to the dangers of the operation." 

34

Lister

1870

Refined Moore's technique of axillary exposure and divided pectoral muscles

35

Volkmann

1875

Removed as much tissue as possible, including pectoralis major muscle and sometimes pectoralis minor muscle during breast tumor excision

36

Gross

1880

In Tumors of the Mammary Gland, he extended Moore's procedure to include excision  

37

Halsted

1882-1907

Worked extensively on procedure known as radical mastectomy: "About eight years ago (1882) I began not only to typically clean out the axilla in all cases of cancer of the breast but also to excise in almost every case the pectoralis major muscle, or at least a generous piece of it, and to give the tumor on all sides an exceedingly wide berth."

38

Sappey

1885

Noted presence of subareolar plexus into which parenchymal lymphatics drained, claiming that most of drainage was to axilla

39

Heidenhain

1888

Investigated spread of breast cancer through lymphatics into retromammary tissue, pectoral fascia, and pectoralis major muscle. Argued that lymphatics follow pectoral fascia down into muscle; cancer often found in this deep plane.

40

Welch

1891

Used frozen sections in diagnosis of breast cancer

41

Stiles

1892

While studying 100 surgical specimens of breast cancer, found cancer in connective tissue radiating from tumor into surrounding circum-mammary fat, parenchyma, in septa separating lobulus of circum-mammary fat, and in Cooper's suspensory ligaments

42

Meyer

1894

Reported his experiences with radical mastectomy procedure similar to Halsted's (differing only in skin incision)

43

Czerny

1895

Replaced surgically removed breast with large lipoma (breast reconstruction)

44

Grossman

1896

Injected mercury in adult cadavers while studying their axillary lymph nodes. Noted lymphatic trunks with interspersed lymph nodes lying between pectoralis muscles.

45

Tansini

1896

Performed immediate breast reconstruction using latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous flap after radical mastectomy

46

Gocht

1897

Irradiated case of inoperable breast cancer (Roentgen's x-rays were discovered in 1895)

47

Rotter

1899

Noted metastases while tracing lymphatics from breast to inter-pectoral nodes

48

Bloodgood

1914

Advocated biopsy followed by immediate mastectomy

49

Janeway

1917

Used interstitial irradiation instead of mastectomy

50

Stibbe

1918

Published detailed study on internal mammary lymphatics

51

Keynes

1922-1931

Starting with 1922 work with Gask, argued against radical mastectomy. Used combination of radiation therapy (with radium needles) and simple mastectomy.

52

W.S. Handley

1927

Suggested standard radical mastectomy be extended to include internal mammary lymphatics. Also implanted radium tubes parasternally as prophylaxis.

53

Patey and Dyson

1943

Developed modified radical mastectomy. Advocated wide skin excision and axilla clearing while sparing pectoralis major muscle.

54

McWhirter

1948

Promoted combination of simple mastectomy and high voltage x-ray therapy

55

Wangensteen

1949

Advocated using intrapleural extended radical mastectomy – sometimes extending into mediastinum — to treat breast cancer. This supra-radical surgery included cervicothoracic approach and median sternotomy with supraclavicular dissection, upper mediastinal dissection, and removal of internal mammary chain of lymph nodes.

56

Pack

1951

Called for prophylactic bilateral mastectomy even with cancer in one breast

57

Margottini and Bucalossi

1952

Advocated extrapleural excision of parasternal nodes during radical mastectomy

58

Urban

1952

Performed intrapleural removal of parasternal nodes during radical mastectomy.

59

Urban

1952

Extensive surgery included en-bloc resection of breast and axilla, removal of pectoralis, wide skin excision with thin flaps, and en-bloc excision of internal mammary glands (splitting sternum as well as 2nd-5th ribs).

60

Gershon-Cohen et al.

1953

Reported some success with roentgenography

61

Bauclesse, Ennuyer, and Cheguillaume

1960

Performed lobectomy (tumorectomy) followed by radiation therapy

62

Egan

1962

Correct interpretation of mammograms in 501 of 518 proven carcinomas (96.7%) and recognition of 351 of 383 benign lesions (91.6%)

63

Gros

1963

Proposed "senology" as special discipline for study of breasts

64

Dodd et al.

1963

First needle-localization procedure. Published in 1965.

65

Witten

1964

Stated that 80-90% of breast cancer determined by surgical biopsy can also be discovered from mammography

66

Funderburk

1964

Located intraductal papillomas by injection of 50% solution of diatrizoate of sodium into bleeding duct, followed by mammography

67

Berger et al.

1966

Described non-invasive localization method for mammographically detected occult lesion

68

Olivari

1974

Used latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap.

69

Olivari

1976

Placed silicone prosthesis under flap.

70

Frank et al.

1976

Used self-retaining wire to guide needle

71

Dreaver

1977

Pioneered breast reconstruction with myocutaneous flaps. Published in major journals in 1981, 1986.

72

Bostwick

1978

Systematized use of latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap

73

Veronesi et al.

1981

First study report that survival rates for breast conserving procedure could equal those of Halstead radical mastectomy

74

Hartramp et al.

1982

Demonstrated transverse myocutaneous flap

75

Lagios et al.

1982, 1989

Developed criteria for excision of ductal carcinoma in situ

76

Laing

1984

First use of ultrasound to guide needle localization

77

Sarhadi et al.

1997

Studied innervation of nipple and areola

78

March et al. Joint Task Force

1997

National surveys of breast core biopsy use



СИСТЕМА РЕПРОДУКЦИИ: ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ
СИСТЕМА РЕПРОДУКЦИИ: ТАБЛИЦЫ
СИСТЕМА РЕПРОДУКЦИИ: ИЛЛЮСТРАЦИИ
СИСТЕМА РЕПРОДУКЦИИ: ЛИТЕРАТУРА

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В отдельном окне: 

     
«Я    У Ч Е Н Ы Й    И Л И . . .    Н Е Д О У Ч К А ?»
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Предпосылка:
Эффективность развития любой отрасли знаний определяется степенью соответствия методологии познания - познаваемой сущности.
Реальность:
Живые структуры от биохимического и субклеточного уровня, до целого организма являются вероятностными структурами. Функции вероятностных структур являются вероятностными функциями.
Необходимое условие:
Эффективное исследование вероятностных структур и функций должно основываться на вероятностной методологии (Трифонов Е.В., 1978,..., ..., 2015, …).
Критерий: Степень развития морфологии, физиологии, психологии человека и медицины, объём индивидуальных и социальных знаний в этих областях определяется степенью использования вероятностной методологии.
Актуальные знания: В соответствии с предпосылкой, реальностью, необходимым условием и критерием... ...
о ц е н и т е   с а м о с т о я т е л ь н о:
—  с т е п е н ь  р а з в и т и я   с о в р е м е н н о й   н а у к и,
—  о б ъ е м   В а ш и х   з н а н и й   и
—  В а ш   и н т е л л е к т !


Любые реальности, как физические, так и психические, являются по своей сущности вероятностными.  Формулирование этого фундаментального положения – одно из главных достижений науки 20-го века.  Инструментом эффективного познания вероятностных сущностей и явлений служит вероятностная методология (Трифонов Е.В., 1978,..., ..., 2014, …).  Использование вероятностной методологии позволило открыть и сформулировать важнейший для психофизиологии принцип: генеральной стратегией управления всеми психофизическими структурами и функциями является прогнозирование (Трифонов Е.В., 1978,..., ..., 2012, …).  Непризнание этих фактов по незнанию – заблуждение и признак научной некомпетентности.  Сознательное отвержение или замалчивание этих фактов – признак недобросовестности и откровенная ложь.


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Copyright © 1996-, Трифонов Е.В.

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